Screening of patients with acute febrile illness for leptospirosis using clinical criteria and serology.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is one of the common zoonoses but, in most instances, the infection goes unnoticed. Rapid diagnostic modalities are needed to diagnose the disease in the early stages. We assessed the usefulness of clinical criteria and compared these with enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA) for the early detection of leptospirosis. METHODS: One hundred patients with a febrile illness for > 7 days were screened by Faine criteria and their sera were subjected to both IgM and IgG ELISA using a commercially available kit (Institut Virion Serion GmbH, Warburg, Germany). RESULTS: Twenty-six patients satisfied the clinical criteria for leptospirosis and 8 of them tested positive for IgM antibodies while 1 patient who was clinically negative tested positive by serology. Thus, Faine criteria had a sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 80.2%, positive predictive value of 30.8% and a negative predictive value of 98.6%. Paired serum samples were obtained from 70 patients but the IgG levels of only 2 showed a 4-fold rise. CONCLUSION: Faine criteria has moderate sensitivity and specificity but a high negative predictive value in comparison with IgM ELISA. The high negative predictive value may help to screen patients with acute febrile illness for leptospirosis during the early phase of the disease.

Incidence of lamivudine resistance associated mutations in pol-gene of HIV-1 in patients from north India: a preliminary report.

Screening of drug-resistant variants is very important for the effective clinical management of HIV-infected patients and development of new strategies. The present study was aimed to detect codon-184 mutations in the pol-gene of HIV leading to resistance to lamivudine (3-TC) by nested cum ARMS-PCR approach in 10 treated and 9 treatment naive patients. For correlation the whole blood CD4/CD8 cell counts and the soluble TNFRII levels in plasma were also determined. Of the 19 patients tested, mutant variants were observed in 2 patients (Met Val in one and Met Val & lle in second) both being treated with 3-TC. No mutations were detected in the treatment-naive patients. The results confirmed that, drug resistant variants of codon-184 emerge rapidly in patients receiving 3-TC containing regimens including our population, which is mainly infected with subtypeC of the virus that could be detected along with wild viral population using sensitive approaches such as ARMS-PCR.

Beta2 microglobulin as a surrogate marker for HIV infection: good correlation with CD4 counts.

To determine if beta-2 microglobulin (beta2M) levels were elevated in our HIV infected patient population and if it could be used as a surrogate marker for disease progression. Thirty-eight HIV infected individuals and 26 age and sex-matched controls were studied. Measurement of CD4 cell count was carried out on a flowcytometer using anti-human CD4 monoclonal antibody and beta2M was measured by an enzyme immunoassay. Mean levels of HIV infected individuals were 1.29 +/- 0.52 mg/L and were significantly higher than 0.74 +/- 0.07 mg/L, the value of controls (p value <0.01). There was a negative correlation between CD4 counts and beta2M levels (r-value-0.79, p value <0.001). Beta2M levels in HIV infected individuals who have no opportunistic infection are elevated and these levels correlate with the CD4 counts. Beta2M can be used for the clinical follow-up of patients with HIV infection.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.

We describe a 47 years lady with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who was infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), due to transfusion either by blood or platelet concentrate. There was a near remission in the disease and during the course of follow up she developed cryptococcal meningitis. The approach to the diagnosis of HIV infection in a patient with SLE, the effect of SLE on the virus and vice versa and some management issues in this setting are discussed.

Paucity of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies in the serum of Indian patients with Sjogren's syndrome and inflammatory myositis.

Several extrahepatic manifestations have been associated with infection with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. It has been associated with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and inflammatory myositis (IM). The objective was to look at the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in the serum of SS and IM patients of Indian origin. Individuals satisfying the European Economic Community criteria for the diagnosis of SS and those satisfying the criteria of Bohan and Peter for the diagnosis of IM were recruited in the study. Routine evaluation for liver functions was made. Anti-HCV antibodies were tested by a third generation ELISA, using microplate HCV3.0 ELISA. Of the 23 patients with SS studied, 14 had extraglandular features. The commonest were anaemia and arthritis in six each, followed by in lymphopenia in two. One patient each had interstitial lung disease, hypothyroidism and chronic active hepatitis. Twenty-two patients with IM were studied alongside. None of the patients had abnormal liver functions. One patient with primary SS tested positive for anti-HCV antibodies. None of the patients with inflammatory myositis tested positive for anti-HCV antibodies. The presence of anti-HCV antibodies in our cohort of patients with SS and IM is low and more in keeping with the generally low prevalence of the infection in the Indian population.

Paradoxical reaction in HIV and tuberculosis coinfection.

Occurrence of paradoxical reaction following institution of antiretroviral therapy to patients with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection who are already on antitubercular therapy is distinctly uncommon. In this report we describe one such case and emphasize that such a reaction does not imply discontinuation of therapy.

Helicobacter pylori in Indian HIV infected patients.

Helicobacter pylori is a causative organism for chronic gastritis and associated with peptic ulcer disease. Infection may be asymptomatic as well. Human immuno-deficiency virus infection predisposes to a multitude of opportunistic infections, many of them resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms. We studied the prevalence of H pylori co-infection with HIV and its correlation with gastrointestinal symptoms in HIV infected patients. Seventy-three consecutive HIV infected patients presenting to the medical out patient department of Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India, were included in the study. Antibodies (IgG) to H pylori were tested by ELISA. There were 43 males, 30 females; mean age 26.1 +/- 4.7 years. Risk factors for acquiring HIV infection was predominantly heterosexual exposure. Eleven patients presented with gastrointestinal symptoms. Thirty-five of the 73 (47.9%) patients had serological evidence of H pylori infection. Six of them had gastrointestinal symptoms. These were odynophagia in 5, dyspepsia in 4 and recent diarrhoea in 2. Twenty-four patients with H pylori infection had AIDS. There was no difference in the prevalence of H pylori infection between patients with and without AIDS.

Linear scleroderma and autoimmune hemolytic anaemia.

Coexistence of localized scleroderma with other autoimmune disorders is not seen frequently. It has been reported to occur with myasthenia gravis, hemiatrophy and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this report we describe an association wherein linear scleroderma coexisted with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.

Decline in beta-2 microglobulin levels after antitubercular therapy in tubercular patients with HIV infection.

BACKGROUND: Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in a state of immune activation, more so, when there is concomitant HIV infection. Beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) is a useful marker to study the state of immune activation among the HIV infected. Objective. To study the modulation of B2M levels among patients with HIV/TB coinfection, to correlate it with the CD4 count and also to study the change in these levels after four weeks of therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve patients with HIV infection and having concomitant TB diagnosed on the basis of positive acid fast bacilli were studied both at baseline and then at four weeks. Fourteen HIV infected individuals who had no overt opportunistic infection at the time of the study were also studied along with fourteen age and sex matched healthy volunteers. CD4 counts were performed using a flowcytometer. B2M was measured using a commercially available ELISA kit. RESULTS: B2M levels in HIV/TB coinfected patients were 1.62+/-0.45 mg/L (range 1-2.7 mg/L) and were significantly higher (p<0.0002) when compared with healthy controls, whose levels were 0.74+/-0.05 mg/L (range 0.48-81 mg/L). The levels in HIV infected individuals free of opportunistic infections were 1.2+/-0.16 mg/L (range 0.78-1.92 mg/L) and were significantly lower than the levels in HIV/TB coinfected (p<0.017), but significantly higher than the levels in healthy controls (p<0.01). Four weeks of antitubercular therapy resulted in a decline in B2M to 1.08+/-0.26 mg/L (range 0.8-1.74 mg/L) and was statistically significant (p<0.012). There was no correlation between the CD4 counts and the pre-treatment levels of B2M among these patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with HIV/TB coinfection had significantly higher levels of B2M than individuals with HIV infection without associated opportunistic infection and healthy controls. Four weeks of anti-tuberculous therapy resulted in a significant decline in these levels.

Hepatitis B virus co-infection in HIV infected patients.

AIM: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) share the same routes of transmission. Co-infection with the two viruses has been reported to occur in upto 90% of HIV infected patients, depending on the prevailing risk factors for acquiring infection in a given population. We studied our HIV positive patients for the prevalence of HBV co-infection in them. METHODS: Eighty consecutive HIV positive patients underwent ELISA for HBsAg and antiHBc antibodies. HBeAg was tested for in all HBsAg positive patients. Polymerase chain reaction for HBV DNA was carried out in 40 randomly selected patients who showed no serological evidence of HBV infection. RESULTS: There were 56 males and 24 females (mean age 33.2 +/- 8.3 years). Twenty seven (33.8%) patients (23 males, 4 females) had evidence of co-infection with HBV. Of these 6 (22.2%) were HBsAg positive, 22 had antiHBc antibodies and HBV DNA was positive in one. Four patients had evidence of replicating virus (3 HBeAg+ve, 1 DNA+ve). All 4 had normal transaminases and advanced HIV infection. HBV co-infection was significantly higher among males (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the liver functions of HBV positive and negative individuals. The risk factor for acquiring infection was heterosexual exposure in al HBV+ve patients except one. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis B virus co-infection was seen in 33.8% of our HIV positive patients. Males were more likely to be co-infected. All except one of the patients acquired infection through heterosexual exposure.

Static lung mechanics in patients of progressive systemic sclerosis without obvious pulmonary involvement.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a common complication in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Physical examination and/or routine pulmonary function tests can, however, detect only relatively advanced disease. We assessed the utility of static lung pressure-volume analysis in detecting lung involvement in patients of PSS without obvious clinical, radiological or spirographic evidence of pulmonary disease. Static lung volumes were determined and expiratory lung pressure-volume measurements were obtained in 10 patients with PSS, using a computerized whole body plethysmograph. Static pressure-volume data was also subjected to monoexponential analysis. All patients had normal total lung capacity. Three patients had reduced static compliance, of whom one also had reduced value for the shape constant K (calculated from exponential analysis of pressure-volume data). Examination of pressure volume curve showed a pattern consistent with interstitial fibrosis in these patients. We conclude that detailed study of lung mechanics can help identify early pulmonary involvement in patients with PSS.

Suppression of beta 2 microglobulin by pentoxiphylline therapy in asymptomatic HIV infected individuals.

Pentoxiphylline, an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The inhibition of TNF-alpha results in decreased immune activation. Beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2 M) has been used as a surrogate marker to study the progression of HIV infection. The objective of this study was to see if use of pentoxiphylline resulted in any decline in beta 2 M levels. Twenty patients with HIV infection who were free of opportunistic infections at the time of inclusion in the study and 18 age and sex matched controls were studied. beta 2 M was measured using an enzyme immunoassay before and four weeks after the start of treatment with pentoxiphylline. Mean levels of beta 2 M before therapy were 1.51 +/- 0.77 mg/l (range 0.78-3.8 mg/l) and were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the levels among controls [0.72 +/- 0.06 mg/l (range 0.46-0.88 mg/l)]. beta 2 M levels in patients declined to 0.85 +/- 0.22 mg/l (range 0.72-1.0 mg/l) after four weeks of therapy and this was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Use of pentoxiphylline for four weeks results in a significant decline in the levels of beta 2 M suggesting that the level of immune activation is reduced with the therapy.

A preliminary report on basal & stimulated plasma cortisol in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Structural and/or functional alterations in adrenal glands have been reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, no information has been reported from India. Hence a study was undertaken to assess the basal and circadian variations in plasma cortisol, and cortisol response to bolus ACTH in patients with AIDS. METHODS: Basal and stimulated plasma cortisol levels at 0800 h and 1600 h and, at 30 and 60 min following an intravenous bolus of 250 micrograms ACTH (short synacthen test, SST) were estimated in 15 patients with AIDS (CD4 < or = 200/microliter) and 12 healthy controls. The nature of the opportunistic infections and/or associated disease in each patient was also studied. RESULTS: The patients had higher median basal plasma cortisol levels as compared to the controls at 0800 h (540 nmol/l vs 415 nmol/l, P < 0.005) and at 1600 h (420 nmol/l vs 285 nmol/l, P < 0.003). Five patients (33%) exhibited abnormal circadian cortisol rhythms. All subjects in the control group and all but one (6.6%) in the patients group had normal peak plasma cortisol response (> or = 550 nmol/l) to SST. The lone patient with subnormal cortisol response had no feature of adrenal insufficiency. On the contrary, 3 patients clinically suspected to have adrenal insufficiency, had normal plasma cortisol response. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that most patients with AIDS have elevated basal plasma cortisol levels with abnormal circadian rhythm in some and normal adrenocortical reserve irrespective of the symptoms/signs of adrenal insufficiency.

Tropical pyomyositis: experience of a tertiary care hospital in north-west India.

OBJECTIVE: Tropical pyomyositis (TP), a disease of varied aetiology, has been reported frequently from Africa and Latin America. However there are only a few reports from India. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 1992 to June 1999, 26 patients with TP were admitted to Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, a tertiary care centre in north-west India and formed the study material. RESULTS: The disease was more common in young adults with male to female ratio being 5:2. In majority, presenting features were muscle pains (100%) and fever (81%). The diagnosis was confirmed by aspirating pus from the involved muscle. The pus grew organisms in 41.7% patients and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest causative organism. Blood cultures were positive in 14.3% of cases. The common complications were bronchopneumonia (23.1%), empyema (19.2%) and venous thrombosis (15.4%). In three patients, the disease occurred in association with tuberculosis of dorsal-lumbar spine. The overall mortality was low (7.7%). CONCLUSIONS: TP is not an uncommon disease in India. Though the presenting features were similar to earlier studies, complications varied and mortality was low. An early recognition and aggressive treatment helps in decreasing morbidity and mortality.

Common variable immunodeficiency in an adult.

Primary immunodeficiency syndromes are rarely diagnosed among adults. In this report, we describe a young male who had common variable immunodeficiency. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and, on follow up, has been free of opportunistic infections.

Acute alcoholic myopathy, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure: a case report.

A case of middle aged male who developed swelling and weakness of muscles in the lower limbs following a heavy binge of alcohol is being reported. He had myoglobinuria and developed acute renal failure for which he was dialyzed. Acute alcoholic myopathy is not a well recognized condition and should be considered in any intoxicated patient who presents with muscle tenderness and weakness.

Investigación clínica de la leishmaniasis cutánea en el Ecuador por 5 años (1991-1995)

En este estudio analizamos datos y clínicos y epidemiológicos sobre las alteraciones cutáneas de la leishmaniasis. Un total de 348 pacientes con leishmaniasis cutánea residentes en Ecuador fueron examinados para este estudio. Las áreas de estudio fueron las provincias de Manabí, Los Ríos, Azuay y Esmeraldas. Estas áreas estan localizadas en la costa del pacífico y las estribaciones de los Andes. Cada paciente fue cuidadosamente examinado, clínica y parasitológicamente. De los 348 pacientes en este estudio, 204 fueron varones y 144 mujeres. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue 21.2 años (+-1.2 s.e) en los hombres, 18.9 años (+- 1.4 s.e) son mujeres y 20.2 años (+-0.9 s.e) en total. Los pacientes de menos de 20 años...

Nuevos estudios sobre el tratamiento oral de la leishmaniasis cutánea, con la droga anti-malárica mefloquina (Mephaquin) en el Ecuador

Desde 1994, debido a la falta de antimoniales en ese año, probamos por primera vez las drogas antimaláricas mefloquina y artesunato, para tratar la leishmaniasis cutánea, y los resultados fueron muy sorprendentes, por su gran eficacia. Este artículo sigue al anterior, con el firme propósito de estudiar un número mayor de pacientes con una nueva dosis de mefloquina, primero, y luego hacer lo mismo con el artesunato, para obtener mayor evidencia de la mencionada capacidad curativa. Un grupo de 72 pacientes seleccionados (Grupos A,B y C), y un grupo al azar de 16 (D), fueron tratados con mefloquina, 100 mg después del desayuno y merienda por días días para adultos o niños con más de 45 kg de peso, y una dosis total...

Estudio sobre el tratamiento oral de la leishmaniasis cutánea con un derivado de la artemisina, al artesunato (Plasmotrim) en el Ecuador

Nuestro trabajo anterior reveló que las drogas antimaláricas, mefloquina (mephaquin) y artesunato (plasmotrim), son eficaces para la terapia oral de pacientes con leishmaniasis cutánea. A fin de determinar si estas drogas tienen efectos similares o diferentes es necesario desarrollar investigaciones más detalladas, basadas en casos adicionales de tratamiento, especialmente con el artesunato. Con este propósito, tratamos a 15 pacientes con leishmaniasis cutánea con artesunato. En el tratamiento se utilizó la siguiente dosificación: 1) para adultos con 45-59 kg de peso, y niños con más de 45 kg y/o mayores de 12 años, 100 mg de Plasmotrim (media tableta) después del desayuno y merienda por 10 días; y 2) para adultos...